比特币苹果下载|octopus
作者： 比特币苹果下载
2024-03-08 18:58:17
OCTOPUS中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典
OCTOPUS中文(简体)翻译：剑桥词典
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octopus 在英语-中文（简体）词典中的翻译
octopusnoun [ C ] uk
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/ˈɒk.tə.pəs/ us
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/ˈɑːk.tə.pəs/
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a sea creature with a soft, oval body and eight tentacles (= long parts like arms)
章鱼
(octopus在剑桥英语-中文（简体）词典的翻译 © Cambridge University Press)
octopus的例句
octopus
Microtubules in octopus photoreceptors are probably involved in transpor t of organelles, including pigment granules, during dark and light adaptation.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Toward this goal, we have localized actin-binding proteins in octopus rhabdoms and have shown that light and dark affect the distribution of these proteins.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
No changes in the octopus retina immediately following an intense light flash.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Retinoid cycling proteins redistribute in light-0 dark-adapted octopus retinas.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
Retinoid cycling proteins redistribute in light 0 dark adapted octopus retinas.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
In this study, we localized cytoskeletal and signaling proteins in octopus photoreceptors to determine their concurrence between the lighting conditions.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
We suggest that light may regulate the distribution of microtubule cytoskeletal proteins in the octopus retina and that position, dorsal versus ventral, also influences the distribution of motor proteins.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
In these diagrams, the spatial organism looked pretty much like the digestive system of an octopus.
来自 Cambridge English Corpus
示例中的观点不代表剑桥词典编辑、剑桥大学出版社和其许可证颁发者的观点。
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章魚…
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pulpo, pulpo [masculine, singular]…
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polvo, polvo [masculine]…
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（海にいる）タコ, タコ…
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ahtapot…
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pieuvre [feminine], pieuvre…
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pop…
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octopus…
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ośmiornica…
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bläckfisk…
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sotong kurita…
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der Krake…
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blekksprut [masculine], blekksprut…
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восьминіг, спрут…
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polpo, piovra…
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octet
October
octocopter
octogenarian
octopus
octroi
ocular
oculist
oculomotor
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/ˈhelθ.spæn/
US
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/ˈhelθ.spæn/
the number of years that someone lives or can expect to live in reasonably good health
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Octopus | Description, Behavior, Species, Photos, & Facts | Britannica
Octopus | Description, Behavior, Species, Photos, & Facts | Britannica
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octopus
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octopus
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IntroductionDescriptionExamples of species and behavioursReproductionDiet and predators
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External Websites
World Animal Foundation - Octopus
BBC - Future - The mysterious inner life of the octopus
National History Museum - Octopuses keep surprising us - here are eight examples how
LiveScience - Octopus Facts
OneKind Planet - Octopus
Britannica Websites
Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
octopus - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
octopus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Also known as: Octopoda, octopi
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Last Updated:
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Table of Contents
octopus
See all media
Category:
Animals & Nature
Plural:
octopuses or octopi
(Show more)
Related Topics:
Cirrata
finned octopod
Incirrata
blanket octopus
Octopus
(Show more)
See all related content →
Recent News
Mar. 4, 2024, 9:17 PM ET (Yahoo News)
Video of octopus holding onto straws reveals heartbreaking impact of plastic pollution
Feb. 21, 2024, 10:47 PM ET (MSN)
Martin Lewis issues 24-hour warning to British Gas, OVO, EDF, Octopus customers
octopus, in general, any eight-armed cephalopod (octopod) mollusk of the order Octopoda. The true octopuses are members of the genus Octopus, a large group of widely distributed shallow-water cephalopods. (See cephalopod.) Description day octopusDay octopus (Octopus cyanea).(more)blue-ringed octopusBlue-ringed octopus (genus Hapalochlaena).(more)blue-ringed octopusBlue-ringed octopus (genus Hapalochlaena).(more)Octopuses vary greatly in size: the smallest (O. arborescens) is about 5 cm (2 inches) long, while the largest species, the reddish pink giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini), may grow to 5.4 metres (18 feet) in length and have an arm span of almost 9 metres (30 feet). The typical octopus has a saccular body: the head is only slightly demarcated from the body and has large complex eyes and eight contractile arms. Each arm bears two rows of fleshy suckers that are capable of great holding power. The arms are joined at their bases by a web of tissue known as the skirt, at the centre of which lies the mouth. The latter organ has a pair of sharp horny beaks and a filelike organ, the radula, for drilling shells and rasping away flesh.
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common octopus The common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) moving through water.(more)Swimming with a giant Pacific octopusJoin researchers looking for the giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini).(more)See all videos for this articleoctopusOctopus (Octopus species).(more)The octopus takes water into its mantle and expels the water after respiration through a short funnel or siphon. Most octopuses move by crawling along the bottom with their arms and suckers, though when alarmed they may shoot swiftly backward by ejecting a jet of water from the siphon. When endangered, they eject an inky substance, which is used as a screen; the substance produced by some species paralyzes the sensory organs of the attacker. Examples of species and behaviours common octopusAt rest, the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) blends into its surroundings.(more)How do octopuses and other cephalopods know what colours to display so as to hide from predators or to attract mates?How do “colour-blind” octopuses know what colour to change to in order to hide from predators or to attract mates?(more)See all videos for this articlecommon octopusThe common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) may blanch when agitated.(more)The best-known octopus is the common octopus, O. vulgaris, a medium-sized animal that is widely distributed in tropical and temperate seas throughout the world. It lives in holes or crevices along the rocky bottom and is secretive and retiring by nature. It feeds mainly on crabs and other crustaceans. This species is thought to be the most intelligent of all invertebrate animals. O. vulgaris has highly developed pigment-bearing cells and can change its skin colours to an astonishing degree with great rapidity. (The giant Pacific octopus can reportedly change color in one-tenth of a second, quickly blending in with rocky and coral surroundings.) Each pigment-bearing cell (chromatophore) is individually innervated from the brain. The veined octopus (Amphioctopus marginatus) is also known for its intelligence. In 2009 biologists reported having observed the animals excavating coconut half shells from the ocean floor and carrying them for use as portable shelters. Such behaviour is regarded by biologists as the first documented example of tool use by an invertebrate. Reproduction Octopuses have separate sexes, and the male has a specially modified arm, called a hectocotylus, by means of which it inserts spermatophores, or packets of sperm, directly into the female’s mantle cavity. O. vulgaris mates during the winter, and the eggs, about 0.3 cm (1/8 inch) long, are laid under rocks or in holes, the total number of eggs amounting to more than 100,000. During the four to eight weeks required for the larvae to hatch, the female guards the eggs, cleaning them with her suckers and agitating them with water. Upon hatching, the tiny octopods, which closely resemble their parents, spend several weeks drifting in the plankton before taking refuge on the bottom.
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Diet and predators Dumbo octopusDumbo octopus (Grimpoteuthis species).(more)Octopuses feed mainly upon crabs and lobsters, although some are plankton feeders.
Octopuses are fed upon by a number of marine fishes, and they have long been considered a culinary delicacy by humans. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by J.E. Luebering.
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October和Octopus有什么关系？（作者：暮晖熠熠） - 知乎
October和Octopus有什么关系？（作者：暮晖熠熠） - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册October和Octopus有什么关系？（作者：暮晖熠熠）海洋欢乐谷已认证账号抓住10月（October）的尾巴，我们来说一说章鱼（Octopus）。章鱼不是鱼，那是什么？大家都知道章鱼不属于鱼类，但很多人小时候恐怕都会有这样的好奇：章鱼不属于鱼类，那属于什么呢？章鱼其实属于软体动物，也就是广义的“贝类”。狭义的“贝类”特指各种有两片贝壳的clams，但广义上的“贝类”可以指所有的海螺、蜗牛、蛤蜊甚至鱿鱼等。我国市场上最常见的两种“章鱼”是短蛸Amphioctopus fangsiao和长蛸Octopus variabilis。两者的外观差异不小。长蛸的腕比短蛸的要长得多，并且胴部（也就是“大脑袋”）是球形的；而短蛸的胴部呈卵圆形，比较长。短蛸眼睛下面有两个黄色的环，是标志性的特征。长蛸（图：续齐乐）短蛸（图：续齐乐）章鱼可以说是演化得非常完美的生物，有很多被认为是“不像地球生物”的技能：它们可以通过收缩体表的色素细胞来控制体色的变化，从而在环境中隐身；它们身体非常柔软，只要是比脑袋小的洞，它们都能钻进去；它们的每条腕都有大量的神经元和敏锐的感受器，并且在受到攻击时还能断腕逃生，之后再长回来；大部分种类有墨囊，可以喷射出迷惑敌人视线的墨汁，一些种类还有毒；它们有很强的认知和学习能力，是最聪明的无脊椎动物类群。这些能力都让章鱼成为海洋中的“生存大师”。只可惜大多数章鱼都逃不过在交配后不久死亡的命运。8月30号的一个金色的黄昏，小作者路过超市，顺便去看看鱼。一个小哥主动上前跟我说话，并告诉我章鱼非常聪明，然后问了我一个“致命”的问题：“章鱼和鱼类哪个更聪明？”这还真把我问住了，只能落荒而逃啦……大名鼎鼎的拟态章鱼（魔术蛸）（图：topteny.com） 巨大的水蛸抓获了一条白斑角鲨（图：juzztv.com）异夫蛸是一种生活在远海的大章鱼，幼体会携带水母有毒的触手用于自我保护（图：octolab.tv）章鱼有8条腕，为什么叫Octopus？大家都知道，October是10月的意思，而章鱼明明只有8条腕，为什么叫Octopus？其实，在古罗马的历法中最早只有10个月份，September、October、November、December原来分别是7月、8月、9月和10月，只不过后来加入了January和February。但这两个月份本来是11月和12月，后来才被放在前面，成了1月和2月。因此，之后的月份都被往后推了，原来的8月就成了10月。章鱼有8条腕（图：Ask.com）章鱼、乌贼和鱿鱼有什么区别？章鱼（Octopus）指的是八腕目Octopoda的动物，有8条等长的腕，胴部是球形的，贝壳一般完全退化。乌贼（Cuttlefish）一般指乌贼目Sepiida动物，有10条腕，两长八短。胴部袋状，有宽大的鳍。乌贼有一块疏松多孔的石灰质内壳，中医称之为“海螵蛸”，据说可以中和胃酸。鱿鱼（Squid）的范围要广的多。多为10条腕，少数8条（如蛸乌贼科Octopoteuthidae），胴部多为圆筒形。鱿鱼贝壳严重退化，只留下了塑料质感的角质内壳。身体末端有一对菱形鳍，像红缨枪的枪尖一样。餐桌上的鱿鱼来自两个不同的目：“铁板鱿鱼（各种柔鱼）”属于开眼目Oegopsida，而小管（枪乌贼）属于闭眼目Myopsida。之前这两个类群被认为是枪形目的两个亚目。一只典型的章鱼，有球形的身体和8条长腕（图：Alamy）一只乌贼，可见其宽大的鳍（图：pescacosmar.com）金乌贼的内壳疏松多孔，可以漂浮在水上，在乌贼生活时有调节浮力的功能（图：续齐乐）一只小鱿鱼，可见其有10条腕，并且有两片三角形的鳍（图：续齐乐）章鱼的嘴和屁股在哪里？许多动画和漫画里的头足类，脸上大都有一个〇形的“嘴”，如同儿童嘟嘟嘴的样子。但在切鱿鱼的时候又没发现这个结构，有人会觉得这是拟人化的结果。头足类确实有这个结构，只不过那并不是嘴巴。所谓的“嘟嘟嘴”其实是漏斗。长蛸的漏斗（图：续齐乐）这个漏斗是一个“全能”的器官：肌肉收缩使水从外套腔流入，再从漏斗排出，形成很大的反冲力，让头足类在水里快速冲刺；墨囊跟肠道和漏斗口相连，用以迷惑敌人的墨汁就是从这里喷出的；漏斗也是头足类排泄和排遗的地方，可以说头足类的便便是从“后脑勺”拉出来的。头足类真正的嘴在身体下面，是一个由肌肉构成的球体，被腕所包围。其中有齿舌和一个形如鸟喙的角质颚，质感类似我们的手指甲，可以切碎食物。章鱼也会用齿舌在贝壳上打孔。章鱼的嘴其实在这里（图：续齐乐）角质颚（图：续齐乐）《海绵宝宝》中的章鱼哥是鱿鱼吗？《海绵宝宝》中的章鱼哥大家都听说过，因为他的名字叫Squidward（鱿鱼沃德），所以不少网友推测他是一只鱿鱼。但事实并不是这样。章鱼哥就是一只章鱼，而不是鱿鱼，Squidward只是他的名字。就相当于一个人名字叫“二狗”，不代表他就是一只狗。动画中也多次出现了章鱼哥的“原形”。另外，作为动画片，《海绵宝宝》中的设定有与现实不同的地方。比如，章鱼其实有8条腕而不是6条。而且，章鱼其实是没有鼻子的，它们生活在水里，和鱼一样用鳃呼吸。头足类的嗅觉器官是眼睛后面的一个凹陷，并不需要鼻子。章鱼哥的“原形”海绵宝宝里面有鱿鱼的形象，可以看出跟章鱼哥非常不同文中部分图片版权来源不详，无法与著作权人一一取得联系，未能及时支付稿酬，在此表示由衷的歉意。有关著作权人可与我们联系。发布于 2020-10-30 12:56海洋头足纲科普赞同 11添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请
Octopus 教程（一）——简介与应用 - 知乎
Octopus 教程（一）——简介与应用 - 知乎首发于gh研究学习记录切换模式写文章登录/注册Octopus 教程（一）——简介与应用Sheldon.HE伦敦大学学院 城市设计硕士有些小伙伴在私信和评论里让我做期Octopus教程，因为章鱼这个插件涉及内容比较多，我需要分两三期来讲。主要分为Octopus的具体运用，Octopus中的优化逻辑和机器学习三部分。因为大部分童鞋都是想了解Octopus如何进行多目标优化的（如何用黑箱），第一篇我就只写一下章鱼的使用方法。Oct.E & Oct首先，Octopus是一个做多目标优化算法的gh插件，运用的是遗传算法，相比于Gh自带的Galapagos，章鱼可以处理更复杂的优化问题。上面左侧这个是Octopus.E，右面的是Octopus，在Oct0.4版本以前这个插件只有这样一个黑箱，就像Gala一样。Oct核心电池和它的交互界面OctE是开源程度更高的版本，可以把这个黑箱打开，不用它自己的交互界面直接在gh中运算，速度更快，但是比较麻烦而且不直观（下一期集中写这部分）。在目前最新的版本（0.4）作者已经把OctopusE嵌入进Octopus了，所以E基本已经淘汰了。OctE和Oct0.4中Explicit Components所以我们主要说0.4版本的Octopus。现在的章鱼其实已经不仅仅是做优化的那个插件了，作者加入了许多机器学习相关的内容。整个插件分五个大部分：1.进化学习算法组件（一种强化学习方法）2.优化算法黑箱详细组件 3.章鱼循环 4.Octopus电池（那个黑箱） 5.监督学习组件（ANN和SVM两种）这期只说Octopus这一个电池，因为想在gh中完成多目标优化（不考虑更高的效率和复杂逻辑），掌握这一个电池就足够了。“Octopus”电池介绍：Oct作者的配图Octopus电池P端接入优化对象（Gala中的Fitness）；左下端G接入各种自变量（Gala中的Genome）；右下端O接入多目标优化每种指标的三种属性（例如高度，它的数值、“高度”文本、是否计算的判断）【高度、距离、密度等等各种评价角度都要有这三个属性】；Ps输出端得到当前Gene pool对应的结果。交互界面介绍：Oct作者的配图1是数据展示页面，深红色是pareto-front（最优解集合）数据，浅红色是elite（2/8定律中的前20%）数据，黄色是前代elite数据，颜色越浅数据越老。（视图可以右键旋转，shift+右键平移）2是每个数据的菜单，Octopus中把这些数据称作solution（特定自变量下的一个解），这个菜单可以把数据反馈给gh、做标记、显示对应的mesh（如果每个数据都有独特的mesh的话。否则就是方块）、删除。3数据历史，就是时间轴。4是开关，start就是从slider最左开始，startwithpresets就是从当前gh中数据开始。5内容很多，①Elitism是每次优化后设定下次优化中优秀解（Elite）所占比例，这个值越高收敛速度越快，但也更容易陷入局部最优解。②Mut.Probability是突变概率，③Mutation Rate是突变的大小，④Crossover Rate是让两个解交换参数的概率（我理解的是一种会突破原始参数设定的突变）⑤Population Size是每代生成的数量，Max.Generations是迭代次数（0的话就是无穷），Record interval是每隔几代记录一次数据（运算量大时可以调大来节省运算），Save interval相当于自动保存，每隔多少代保存一次数据，Max.Eval Time[ms]是最大容忍运算时间，某次运算超过这个时间时会被踢到Troubleshooting里面，防止优化时卡在死循环里。⑥Single steps让优化在接下来几代后停止⑦Minim.Rhino on start优化开始时最小化gh和rhino（节省内存，但开了就看不到具体优化情况了，这个在非英文gh里无效）⑧Constraints: Fill Random只有在接了bool判断时才有用，（这个我不是很确定）大概是扩充第一代数据，就是让优化最开始就有很多solution这样优化时会精确些。⑨Record Solution Meshes打开以后数据记录的时候会保存mesh数据（就那个toggle show mesh显示的mesh）【不建议开，很卡】⑩应该叫优化策略，SPEA2和HypE这两种（淘汰非优解时的方法），后面四个是突变策略（我个人觉得没什么区别）6是展示ParetoFront（帕累托前沿：就是最优解集合）、Elite（精英：前20%数据）7如果有谁知道这是什么可以指点一下我。。（不明觉厉）8一些统计数据，当前的优化的进度和属性9这个叫基因距离图，每个解对应的参数在gene pool（那个slider）里的位置连成的折线，可以看出最优解在不同因子中的倾向。10控制坐标的部分（很重要！）。在接入octopus右下端O端口的数据大类的Text会显示在这里，一共可以XYZ+Size+Color五个维度评估数据。【spread选项貌似没有用处】11收敛图，某个参数的paretofront（深灰色）、Elite（浅灰色）所占比例应用案例：前面的长篇大论甚是枯燥，如果看不下去的话可以试试这个案例，官方的这个风车选址的例子可以非常清晰地讲明白如何使用这个插件，之前那篇优化算法的文章在这部分写得比较粗略而且有些错误，可能会比较费解，所以这里我会详细写一些。就是这样一个问题：在山坡上有一个村子，村子打算建一个风车，风车要尽可能离村子近，但海拔又要尽可能地高。然后找出风车最适合的位置。两个因变量(需要优化的指标）：风车和村子的距离；风车的海拔高度。一个自变量：风车位置（坐标）所以Gene pool就是风车的横纵坐标输入G端口，通过Pt2Num可以把坐标转化为点，然后通过evaluate surface把平面uv和曲面uv对应，就可以找到曲面上所有的点（自变量完成）和村子距离可以用distance得到，海拔高度直接提取Z坐标就好。number和text单独merge起来，这里数据的顺序不能乱！接入O端口。【布尔值是做筛选用的，不一定要接入，如果所有数据都要进入优化可以不接boolean】这里布尔值接的就是风车坐标是否在限制区域内的判断。遗传代数越多运行速度越慢，这里可以看到最优解集合（红色数据）向特定方向聚集，那就是这个问题的最优解方向。选取一个最优解集合中的数据，reinstate到gh中，就可以看到当前解的情况。（高度这里貌似求反了，图里显示海拔高度是最低点）上方风车例子的GH以及0.4版本的Octopus的分享链接：链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1o_DWVcKZOMccrWkneDOJPw 提取码：2333发布于 2020-09-15 09:55多目标优化GrasshopperRhino赞同 9728 条评论分享喜欢收藏申请转载文章被以下专栏收录gh研究学习记录记录GH学习时遇到的困难，以及个人的处理方法和思路Grasshopper建筑辅助设计基础Rhino知道我真的
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Octopuses, facts and information
Octopuses, facts and information
Skip to contentNewslettersSubscribeMenuAnimalsReferenceOctopuses3:54Octopuses 101How many hearts does an octopus have? How do species like the mimic octopus camouflage themselves? Find out about these and other octopus facts.ShareTweetEmailCommon Name: OctopusesScientific Name: OctopodaDiet: CarnivoreAverage Life Span: unknownSize: 1/2 inches to 30 feet acrossWeight: up to 600 pounds Current Population Trend: UnknownWhat are octopuses?Octopuses (or octopi, if you prefer) are cephalopods, invertebrates that also include squid and cuttlefish. They have bulbous heads, large eyes, and eight very useful arms. “Cephalopod” is Greek for “head-foot,” which makes sense, since their limbs are attached directly to their head.Self-protectionOctopuses are highly intelligent animals, masters of camouflage that have evolved an array of tricks over tens of millions of years to avoid or thwart would-be attackers. They can match the colors and even textures of their surroundings, allowing them to hide in plain sight. If a predator gets too close octopuses can escape quickly, shooting themselves forward by expelling water from a muscular tube called a siphon. Octopuses can also release a cloud of black ink, which obscures them and dulls an encroacher’s sense of smell.Their soft bodies mean octopuses can fit into impossibly small nooks and crannies, as long as the holes are not smaller than the only hard parts of their bodies: their beaks. If all else fails, octopuses can lose an arm to an attacker and regrow one later.Super smartThe octopus’s arms are lined with hundreds of suckers, each of which can be moved independently thanks to a complex bundle of neurons that acts as a brain, letting the animal touch, smell, and manipulate objects. Octopuses can open clamshells, maneuver rocks—even dismantle the filtration systems of an aquarium tank. They can also develop opinions about people; one routinely squirted water down the back of a keeper it seemed to dislike. Another shot a jet of water at a light to cause a commotion.Habitat and behaviorThere are around 300 species of octopus and they are found in every ocean. Most live on the seafloor, but some, like the paper nautilus, drift nearer to the surface. Octopuses mostly feed on crabs, shrimp, and mollusks.Solitary animals, they typically live alone, sometimes in dens they build from rocks, sometimes in shells they pull over on top of themselves. Some even make a door for themselves—a rock pulled into place once they’re safely tucked into their homes.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. 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Unauthorized use is prohibited.1 / 161 / 16The southern keeled octopus, found in the shallow coastal waters of south-eastern Australia, often hides in the sand.The southern keeled octopus, found in the shallow coastal waters of south-eastern Australia, often hides in the sand.Photograph by David Liittschwager, Nat Geo Image CollectionShareTweetEmailGo FurtherAnimalsHow do fireflies get their glow? We finally have some answers.AnimalsHow do fireflies get their glow? We finally have some answers.Bird flu is spreading from pole to pole. Here’s why it matters.AnimalsBird flu is spreading from pole to pole. 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Octopus
Octopus
Manual :: Octopus
Octopus
☰
Manual
Input Variables
Tutorials
Developers
Version:
12
13
main
Gitlab
Download
Manual
About this manual
About Octopus
Which quantity can Octopus compute
Installation
Basics
Input file
Running Octopus
Units
Physical System
Hamiltonian
Discretization
Output
Symmetry
Troubleshooting
Calculations
Ground State
Time-Dependent
Casida Linear Response
Sternheimer Linear Response
Optimal Control
Geometry Optimization
Examples
Benzene
Hello world
Installation (detailed)
Building Octopus on Windows
Building from scratch
Octopus Docker images
Porting Octopus and Platform Specific Instructions
Specific architectures
Utilities
oct-analyze projections
oct-atomic occupations
oct-casida spectrum
oct-center-geom
oct-check deallocs
oct-conductivity
oct-convert
oct-dielectric-function
oct-display partitions
oct-harmonic-spectrum
oct-help
oct-infrared spectrum
oct-local multipoles
oct-oscillator-strength
oct-photoelectron spectrum
oct-propagation spectrum
oct-run periodic table
oct-run regression test.pl
oct-run testsuite.sh
oct-vdW c6
oct-vibrational spectrum
oct-xyz-anim
Pseudopotentials
Visualization
Advanced ways of running Octopus
Copying
Updating to a new version
Input Variables
Atomic Orbitals
AOLoewdin
AONormalize
AOSubmesh
AOThreshold
AOTruncation
Calculation Modes
Geometry Optimization
GOCenter
GOConstrains
GOFireIntegrator
GOFireMass
GOLineTol
GOMaxIter
GOMethod
GOMinimumMove
GOObjective
GOStep
GOTolerance
GOType
PDBGOConstrains
XSFGOConstrains
XYZGOConstrains
Invert KS
InvertKSConvAbsDens
InvertKSGodbyMu
InvertKSGodbyPower
InvertKSMaxIter
InvertKSmethod
InvertKSStellaAlpha
InvertKSStellaBeta
InvertKSTargetDensity
InvertKSVerbosity
KSInversionAsymptotics
KSInversionLevel
Optimal Control
OCTCheckGradient
OCTClassicalTarget
OCTControlFunctionOmegaMax
OCTControlFunctionRepresentation
OCTControlFunctionType
OCTCurrentFunctional
OCTCurrentWeight
OCTDelta
OCTDirectStep
OCTDoubleCheck
OCTDumpIntermediate
OCTEps
OCTEta
OCTExcludedStates
OCTFilter
OCTFixFluenceTo
OCTFixInitialFluence
OCTHarmonicWeight
OCTInitialState
OCTInitialTransformStates
OCTInitialUserdefined
OCTLaserEnvelope
OCTLocalTarget
OCTMaxIter
OCTMomentumDerivatives
OCTNumberCheckPoints
OCTOptimizeHarmonicSpectrum
OCTPenalty
OCTPositionDerivatives
OCTRandomInitialGuess
OCTScheme
OCTSpatialCurrWeight
OCTStartIterCurrTg
OCTTargetDensity
OCTTargetDensityFromState
OCTTargetOperator
OCTTargetSpin
OCTTargetTransformStates
OCTTargetUserdefined
OCTTdTarget
OCTVelocityDerivatives
OCTVelocityTarget
Test
HelmholtzCoulombGaugeTolerance
HelmholtzEnforceCoulombGauge
HelmholtzVisualizeBoxes
InterpolationTestOrder
SurfaceCorrection
TestBatchOps
TestHamiltonianApply
TestMaxBlockSize
TestMinBlockSize
TestMode
TestRepetitions
TestType
TestVectorPotentialType
Unoccupied States
UnoccShowOccStates
UnoccUseTD
CalculationMode
ClassicalParticles
LennardJonesEpsilon
LennardJonesSigma
ParticleCharge
ParticleInitialPosition
ParticleInitialVelocity
DFTBPlusInterface
InitialIonicTemperature
MaxAngularMomentum
SccTolerance
Execution
Accel
AccelBenchmark
AccelDevice
AccelPlatform
AllowCPUonly
CudaAwareMPI
DisableAccel
InitializeGPUBuffers
Debug
Debug
DebugTrapSignals
ExperimentalFeatures
ForceComplex
MPIDebugHook
ReportMemory
IO
MaxwellRestartWriteInterval
RestartOptions
RestartWallTimePeriod
RestartWrite
RestartWriteInterval
RestartWriteTime
SlakoDir
stderr
stdout
Walltime
WorkDir
Optimization
HamiltonianApplyPacked
MemoryLimit
MeshBlockDirection
MeshBlockSize
MeshLocalBlockDirection
MeshLocalBlockSize
MeshLocalOrder
MeshOrder
NLOperatorCompactBoundaries
OperateAccel
OperateComplex
OperateDouble
ProfilingAllNodes
ProfilingMode
ProfilingOutputTree
ProfilingOutputYAML
StatesBlockSize
StatesCLDeviceMemory
StatesPack
Parallelization
MeshPartition
MeshPartitionPackage
MeshPartitionStencil
MeshPartitionVirtualSize
MeshUseTopology
ParallelizationNumberSlaves
ParallelizationOfDerivatives
ParallelizationPoissonAllNodes
ParallelXC
ParDomains
ParKPoints
ParOther
ParStates
PartitionPrint
ReorderRanks
ScaLAPACKCompatible
Symmetries
SymmetriesCompute
SymmetriesTolerance
Units
Units
UnitsOutput
UnitsXYZFiles
FromScratch
Hamiltonian
DFT+U
ACBN0IntersiteCutoff
ACBN0IntersiteInteraction
ACBN0RotationallyInvariant
ACBN0Screening
DFTUBasisFromStates
DFTUBasisStates
DFTUDoubleCounting
DFTUPoissonSolver
SkipSOrbitals
UseAllAtomicOrbitals
PCM
PCMCalcMethod
PCMCalculation
PCMCavity
PCMChargeSmearNN
PCMDebyeRelaxTime
PCMDrudeLDamping
PCMDrudeLOmega
PCMDynamicEpsilon
PCMEoMInitialCharges
PCMEpsilonModel
PCMGamessBenchmark
PCMKick
PCMLocalField
PCMQtotTol
PCMRadiusScaling
PCMRenormCharges
PCMSmearingFactor
PCMSolute
PCMSpheresOnH
PCMStaticEpsilon
PCMTDLevel
PCMTessMinDistance
PCMTessSubdivider
PCMUpdateIter
PCMVdWRadii
Poisson
Multigrid
PoissonSolverMGMaxCycles
PoissonSolverMGPostsmoothingSteps
PoissonSolverMGPresmoothingSteps
PoissonSolverMGRelaxationFactor
PoissonSolverMGRelaxationMethod
PoissonSolverMGRestrictionMethod
PSolver
PoissonSolverPSolverParallelData
AlphaFMM
DeltaEFMM
DressedOrbitals
Poisson1DSoftCoulombParam
PoissonCutoffRadius
PoissonFFTKernel
PoissonSolver
PoissonSolverBoundaries
PoissonSolverMaxIter
PoissonSolverMaxMultipole
PoissonSolverNodes
PoissonSolverThreshold
PoissonTestPeriodicThreshold
XC
DensityCorrection
XCDensityCorrection
XCDensityCorrectionCutoff
XCDensityCorrectionMinimum
XCDensityCorrectionNormalize
XCDensityCorrectionOptimize
DFTULevel
HFSingularity
HFSingularityNk
HFSingularityNsteps
Interaction1D
Interaction1DScreening
KLIPhotonCOC
libvdwxcDebug
libvdwxcMode
libvdwxcVDWFactor
OEPLevel
OEPMixing
OEPMixingScheme
PhotonModes
SCDMforPZSIC
SICCorrection
VDW_TS_cutoff
VDW_TS_damping
VDW_TS_sr
VDWCorrection
VDWD3Functional
VDWSelfConsistent
Xalpha
XCFunctional
XCKernel
XCKernelLRCAlpha
XCUseGaugeIndependentKED
AdaptivelyCompressedExchange
CalculateDiamagneticCurrent
CalculateSelfInducedMagneticField
CurrentDensity
EnablePhotons
EwaldAlpha
FilterPotentials
ForceTotalEnforce
GaugeFieldDelay
GaugeFieldDynamics
GaugeFieldPropagate
GaugeVectorField
GyromagneticRatio
MagneticConstrain
MagneticConstrainStrength
MaxwellCouplingMode
MaxwellDipoleField
MultipolarExpansionTerms
ParticleMass
PauliHamiltonianTerms
RashbaSpinOrbitCoupling
RelativisticCorrection
SOStrength
StaticElectricField
StaticMagneticField
StaticMagneticField2DGauge
TheoryLevel
TimeZero
Linear Response
Casida
CasidaCalcForces
CasidaCalcForcesKernel
CasidaCalcForcesSCF
CasidaCalcTriplet
CasidaDistributedMatrix
CasidaHermitianConjugate
CasidaKohnShamStates
CasidaKSEnergyWindow
CasidaMomentumTransfer
CasidaParallelEigensolver
CasidaPrintExcitations
CasidaQuadratureOrder
CasidaTheoryLevel
CasidaTransitionDensities
CasidaWeightThreshold
CasidaWriteDistributedMatrix
PhotonmodesFilename
KdotP
KdotPCalcSecondOrder
KdotPCalculateEffectiveMasses
KdotPEta
KdotPOccupiedSolutionMethod
KdotPUseNonLocalPseudopotential
KdotPVelMethod
Polarizabilities
BornChargeSumRuleCorrection
EMCalcBornCharges
EMCalcMagnetooptics
EMCalcRotatoryResponse
EMEta
EMForceNoKdotP
EMFreqs
EMFreqsSort
EMHyperpol
EMKPointOutput
EMMagnetoopticsNoHVar
EMOccupiedResponse
EMPerturbationType
EMWavefunctionsFromScratch
vdWNPoints
SCF in LR calculations
LRConvAbsDens
LRConvRelDens
LRMaximumIter
LRTolAdaptiveFactor
LRTolIterWindow
LRTolScheme
Solver
LinearSolver
LinearSolverMaxIter
LRTolFinalTol
LRTolInitTol
Static Polarization
EMCalcDiagonalField
EMStartDensityIsZeroField
EMStaticElectricField
EMVerbose
EMWriteRestartDensities
Sternheimer
HamiltonianVariation
PhotonEta
Preorthogonalization
Vibrational Modes
CalcInfrared
CalcNormalModeWfs
Displacement
SymmetrizeDynamicalMatrix
MagneticGaugeCorrection
ResponseMethod
Math
RootSolver
RootSolver
RootSolverAbsTolerance
RootSolverMaxIter
RootSolverRelTolerance
SPARSKIT
SPARSKITAbsTolerance
SPARSKITIterOut
SPARSKITKrylovSubspaceSize
SPARSKITMaxIter
SPARSKITRelTolerance
SPARSKITSolver
SPARSKITVerboseSolver
Maxwell
Boundaries
MaxwellABPMLPower
MaxwellABPMLReflectionError
MaxwellABWidth
MediumElectricSigma
MediumEpsilonFactor
MediumMagneticSigma
MediumMuFactor
MediumWidth
Medium
CheckPointsMediumFromFile
LinearMediumBoxFile
LinearMediumBoxShape
LinearMediumBoxSize
LinearMediumEdgeProfile
LinearMediumProperties
MediumDispersionType
MediumPoleDamping
MediumPoleEnergy
MediumPoleStrength
Output
MaxwellFieldsCoordinate
MaxwellTDOutput
MediumCurrentCoordinates
TD Propagation
MaxwellTDETRSApprox
PropagateSpatialMaxwellField
AnalyticalExternalSource
BesselBeamAxisShift
CurrentDensityFactor
ExternalCurrent
ExternalSourceBesselOutput
MaxwellAbsorbingBoundaries
MaxwellBoundaryConditions
MaxwellFunctions
MaxwellHamiltonianOperator
MaxwellIncidentWaves
MaxwellPlaneWavesInBox
MaxwellTestQuadrupole
RegularizationFunction
RegularizationFunctionWidth
SpeedOfLightFactor
TransverseFieldCalculation
UserDefinedConstantSpatialMaxwellField
UserDefinedInitialMaxwellStates
UserDefinedMaxwellExternalCurrent
Mesh
Curvilinear
Gygi
CurvGygiA
CurvGygiAlpha
CurvGygiBeta
Modine
CurvModineJBar
CurvModineJlocal
CurvModineJrange
CurvModineXBar
CurvMethod
Derivatives
DerivativesOrder
DerivativesStencil
MultigridDerivativesOrder
FFTs
DoubleFFTParameter
FFTLibrary
FFTOptimize
FFTPreparePlan
NFFTCutoff
NFFTGuruInterface
NFFTOversampling
NFFTPrecompute
PNFFTCutoff
PNFFTOversampling
KPoints
KPoints
KPointsGrid
KPointsPath
KPointsReduced
KPointsUseSymmetries
KPointsUseTimeReversal
QPointsGrid
Simulation Box
BoxCenter
BoxCgalFile
BoxShape
BoxShapeImage
BoxShapeUsDef
LatticeParameters
LatticeVectors
Lsize
Radius
SymmetryBreakDir
Xlength
MeshIndexType
MultigridLevels
PeriodicBoundaryMask
RegriddingInterpolationLevel
RegriddingRescale
Spacing
SpiralBoundaryCondition
Output
BerkeleyGW
BerkeleyGW_CalcDipoleMtxels
BerkeleyGW_CalcExchange
BerkeleyGW_Complex
BerkeleyGW_NumberBands
BerkeleyGW_VmtxelNumCondBands
BerkeleyGW_VmtxelNumValBands
BerkeleyGW_VmtxelPolarization
BerkeleyGW_Vxc_diag_nmax
BerkeleyGW_Vxc_diag_nmin
BerkeleyGW_Vxc_offdiag_nmax
BerkeleyGW_Vxc_offdiag_nmin
BerkeleyGW_WFN_filename
BandStructureComputeProjections
CurrentThroughPlane
DOSComputePDOS
DOSEnergyMax
DOSEnergyMin
DOSEnergyPoints
DOSGamma
ELFWithCurrentTerm
LinearMediumOutput
LinearMediumOutputDir
LocalMagneticMomentsSphereRadius
MaxwellOutput
MaxwellOutputInterval
MaxwellOutputIterDir
MomentumTransfer
Output
OutputDuringSCF
OutputFormat
OutputInterval
OutputIterDir
OutputMatrixElements
OutputMEEnd
OutputMEMultipoles
OutputMEStart
OutputWfsNumber
SCF
Convergence
ConvAbsDens
ConvAbsEv
ConvEigenError
ConvEnergy
ConvRelDens
ConvRelEv
MaximumIter
MaximumIterBerry
Eigensolver
CGAdditionalTerms
CGDirection
CGEnergyChangeThreshold
CGOrthogonalizeAll
ChebyshevFilterBoundMixing
ChebyshevFilterDegree
ChebyshevFilterLanczosOrder
ChebyshevFilterNIter
Eigensolver
EigensolverImaginaryTime
EigensolverMaxIter
EigensolverMinimizationIter
EigensolverTolerance
OptimizeChebyshevFilterDegree
Preconditioner
PreconditionerFilterFactor
PreconditionerIterationsMiddle
PreconditionerIterationsPost
PreconditionerIterationsPre
StatesOrthogonalization
SubspaceDiagonalization
LCAO
AtomsMagnetDirection
GuessMagnetDensity
LCAOAlternative
LCAOComplexYlms
LCAODiagTol
LCAODimension
LCAOExtraOrbitals
LCAOKeepOrbitals
LCAOMaximumOrbitalRadius
LCAOSaveMemory
LCAOScaleFactor
LCAOStart
Mixing
MixField
Mixing
MixingKerker
MixingKerkerFactor
MixingPreconditioner
MixingResidual
MixingRestart
MixingScheme
MixInterval
MixNumberSteps
RDMFT
RDMBasis
RDMConvEner
RDMHartreeFock
RDMTolerance
RDMToleranceFO
SCFCalculateDipole
SCFCalculateForces
SCFCalculatePartialCharges
SCFCalculateStress
SCFinLCAO
States
ModelMB
DensitytoCalc
DescribeParticlesModelmb
NDimModelmb
NParticleModelmb
NTypeParticleModelmb
DegeneracyThreshold
ExcessCharge
ExtraStates
ExtraStatesInPercent
ExtraStatesToConverge
InitialSpins
Occupations
OnlyUserDefinedInitialStates
PhotoDopingBand
PhotoDopingNumElectrons
PhotoDopingSmearing
RestartFixedOccupations
RestartReorderOccs
Smearing
SmearingFunction
SmearingMPOrder
SpinComponents
StatesRandomization
SymmetrizeDensity
TotalStates
TransformStates
UserDefinedStates
System
Coordinates
Coordinates
PDBCoordinates
ReducedCoordinates
XSFCoordinates
XSFCoordinatesAnimStep
XYZCoordinates
Species
AllElectronANCParam
AllElectronSigma
AllElectronType
PseudopotentialSet
Species
SpeciesProjectorSphereThreshold
SpeciesTimeDependent
Velocities
PDBVelocities
RandomVelocityTemp
Velocities
XSFVelocities
XYZVelocities
Dimensions
Interactions
PeriodicDimensions
StaticExternalPotentials
Systems
Time-Dependent
Absorbing Boundaries
ABCapHeight
ABShape
AbsorbingBoundaries
ABWidth
PhotoElectronSpectrum
PES_Flux_AnisotropyCorrection
PES_Flux_ARPES_grid
PES_Flux_DeltaK
PES_Flux_EnergyGrid
PES_Flux_Face_Dens
PES_Flux_GridTransformMatrix
PES_Flux_Kmax
PES_Flux_Kmin
PES_Flux_Lmax
PES_Flux_Lsize
PES_Flux_Momenutum_Grid
PES_Flux_Offset
PES_Flux_Parallelization
PES_Flux_PhiK
PES_Flux_Radius
PES_Flux_RuntimeOutput
PES_Flux_Shape
PES_Flux_StepsPhiK
PES_Flux_StepsPhiR
PES_Flux_StepsThetaK
PES_Flux_StepsThetaR
PES_Flux_ThetaK
PES_Flux_UseSymmetries
PES_spm_DeltaOmega
PES_spm_OmegaMax
PES_spm_points
PES_spm_Radius
PES_spm_recipe
PES_spm_StepsPhiR
PES_spm_StepsThetaR
PESMask2PEnlargeFactor
PESMaskEnlargeFactor
PESMaskFilterCutOff
PESMaskIncludePsiA
PESMaskMode
PESMaskPlaneWaveProjection
PESMaskShape
PESMaskSize
PESMaskSpectEnergyMax
PESMaskSpectEnergyStep
PESMaskStartTime
PhotoElectronSpectrum
Propagation
ArnoldiOrthogonalization
InteractionTiming
IonsConstantVelocity
IonsTimeDependentDisplacements
MoveIons
RecalculateGSDuringEvolution
TDDynamics
TDEnergyUpdateIter
TDExponentialMethod
TDExpOrder
TDIonicTimeScale
TDLanczosTol
TDMaxSteps
TDPhotonicTimeScale
TDPropagationTime
TDPropagator
TDSCFThreshold
TDStepsWithSelfConsistency
TDSystemPropagator
TDTimeStep
TemperatureFunction
Thermostat
ThermostatMass
Response
Dipole
TDEasyAxis
TDPolarization
TDPolarizationDirection
TDPolarizationEquivAxes
TDPolarizationWprime
TDDeltaKickTime
TDDeltaStrength
TDDeltaStrengthMode
TDDeltaUserDefined
TDKickFunction
TDMomentumTransfer
TDMultipleMomentumTransfer
TDReducedMomentumTransfer
TD Output
TDExcitedStatesToProject
TDFloquetDimension
TDFloquetFrequency
TDFloquetSample
TDMultipoleLmax
TDOutput
TDOutputComputeInterval
TDOutputDFTU
TDOutputResolveStates
TDProjStateStart
MillerIndicesBasis
TDExternalFields
TDFreezeDFTUOccupations
TDFreezeHXC
TDFreezeOrbitals
TDFreezeU
TDFunctions
TDGlobalForce
TDScissor
Utilities
oct-casida_spectrum
CasidaSpectrumBroadening
CasidaSpectrumEnergyStep
CasidaSpectrumMaxEnergy
CasidaSpectrumMinEnergy
CasidaSpectrumRotationMatrix
oct-center-geom
AxisType
MainAxis
oct-conductivity_spectrum
ConductivityFromForces
ConductivitySpectrumTimeStepFactor
oct-convert
ConvertEnd
ConvertEnergyMax
ConvertEnergyMin
ConvertEnergyStep
ConvertFilename
ConvertFolder
ConvertFTMethod
ConvertHow
ConvertIterateFolder
ConvertOutputFilename
ConvertOutputFolder
ConvertReadSize
ConvertScalarOperation
ConvertStart
ConvertStep
ConvertSubtract
ConvertSubtractFilename
ConvertSubtractFolder
oct-local_multipoles
LDBaderThreshold
LDEnd
LDFilename
LDFolder
LDIonicDipole
LDIterateFolder
LDMultipoleLmax
LDOutput
LDOutputFormat
LDOverWrite
LDRadiiFile
LDRestart
LDRestartFolder
LDStart
LDStep
LDUpdate
LDUseAtomicRadii
LocalDomains
oct-photoelectron_spectrum
PhotoelectronSpectrumOutput
PhotoelectronSpectrumResolveStates
oct-propagation_spectrum
PropagationSpectrumDampFactor
PropagationSpectrumDampMode
PropagationSpectrumEndTime
PropagationSpectrumEnergyStep
PropagationSpectrumMaxEnergy
PropagationSpectrumMinEnergy
PropagationSpectrumSigmaDiagonalization
PropagationSpectrumStartTime
PropagationSpectrumSymmetrizeSigma
PropagationSpectrumTransform
PropagationSpectrumType
SpectrumMethod
SpectrumSignalNoise
TransientAbsorptionReference
oct-spin_susceptibility
TransientMagnetizationReference
oct-tdtdm
SupercellDimensions
TDTDMFrequencies
TDTDMHoleCoordinates
TDTDMHoleReducedCoordinates
oct-unfold
UnfoldEnergyStep
UnfoldKPointsPath
UnfoldLatticeParameters
UnfoldLatticeVectors
UnfoldMaxEnergy
UnfoldMinEnergy
UnfoldMode
oct-vibrational_spectrum
VibrationalSpectrumTime
VibrationalSpectrumTimeStepFactor
oct-wannier90
SCDMmu
SCDMsigma
Wannier90Files
Wannier90Mode
Wannier90Prefix
Wannier90UseSCDM
Wannier90UseTD
oct-xyz-anim
AnimationMultiFiles
AnimationSampling
Volume
Alphabetic Index
Tutorials
Octopus Basics
Getting started
Basic input options
Total energy convergence
Visualization
Centering a geometry
Time-dependent propagation
Recipe
Optical Response
Optical spectra from time-propagation
Convergence of the optical spectra
Optical spectra from Casida
Optical spectra from Sternheimer
Triplet excitations
Use of symmetries in optical spectra from time-propagation
Periodic Systems
Getting started with periodic systems
Wires and slabs
Optical spectra of solids
Band structure unfolding
Sternheimer
Model Systems
1D Harmonic Oscillator
Particle in a box
1D Helium
e-H scattering
Kronig-Penney Model
Running Octopus on HPC systems
Using the MPCDF Systems
Slurm usage
Parallelization in octopus
Scaling
Octopus on GPUs
Profiling
Tutorial Profiling nsight
Maxwell Systems
Maxwell input file
Plane waves in vacuum
External currents and PML
Non-dispersive linear media
Dispersive linear media
Multisystem
Multisystem introduction
Example: Celestial dynamics
Interaction graph
Verlet Propagation
Advanced tutorials
ARPES
Magnons
All-electron calculations
Basic QOCT
DFT+U
DFT+U+V
Geometry optimization
Hybrid functionals
Large systems: the Fullerene molecule
Parallelization and performance
Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM)
RDMFT
Running Octopus on Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)
Sternheimer linear response
Vibrational modes
Wannier90
Courses
Octopus course 2021
Octopus course 2023
Developers
Web material
Building the documentation
Directory structure
How to write pages
Variable desription
Code documentation
Object orientation in Octopus
Grid
Simulation Box
Mesh implementation
Mesh Setup
Mesh operations
Derivatives
Coordinate systems
Miscellanea
Linked list
Electrons
The Self-consistency cycle
Multisystem framework
Interactions
Exposed quantities
Clocks
Initialization
Factories
Time propagation
Calculating energies
Systems in Octopus
Multisystem: Containers
System: Electrons
Propagators
Propagator class
Algorithms
Static Propagator
Detailled example: Verlet
Beeman
Exponential Midpoint
Custom Diagram
States
Wave functions
Batches
Ions
Abstract box class
Hamiltonian
Abstract Hamiltonian class
Electron Hamiltonian class
Eigensolver
Eigensolver
Main routines
Startup
Ion-Ion interaction
Linear Response
Coding Manual
Starting to develop
Coding standards
Workflow
Preprocessors
Doxygen documentation
Input variables
Meetings
Videoconference meeting autumn 2015
Meeting 2015
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Last modified on March 7, 2024 at 16:08 CET. Based on Octopus branch “main”
Common Octopus | National Geographic
Common Octopus | National Geographic
Skip to contentNewslettersSubscribeMenuA common octopus photographed at Gulf Specimen Marine Lab and Aquarium in Panacea, FloridaPhotograph by Joel Sartore, National Geographic Photo ArkPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.AnimalsPhoto ArkCommon OctopusPhotographs byJoel SartoreShareTweetEmailCommon Name: Common OctopusScientific Name: Octopus vulgarisType: InvertebratesDiet: CarnivoreAverage Life Span In The Wild: 1 to 2 yearsSize: 12 to 36 inchesWeight: 6.6 to 22 poundsSize relative to a 6-ft man: IUCN Red List Status: ? Not evaluated LCNTVUENCREWEX Least Concern Extinct Current Population Trend: UnknownThe common octopus would be unique for its appearance alone, with its massive bulbous head, large eyes, and eight distinctive arms. But by far the most striking characteristic of the octopus is the wide array of techniques it uses to avoid or thwart attackers.CamouflageIts first—and most amazing—line of defense is its ability to hide in plain sight. Using a network of pigment cells and specialized muscles in its skin, this invertebrate can almost instantaneously match the colors, patterns, and even textures of its surroundings. Predators such as sharks, eels, and dolphins swim by without even noticing it.InkWhen discovered, an octopus will release a cloud of black ink to obscure its attacker's view, giving it time to swim away. The ink even contains a substance that dulls a predator's sense of smell, making the fleeing octopus harder to track.Evasive BehaviorFast swimmers, they can jet forward by expelling water through their mantles. And their soft bodies can squeeze into impossibly small cracks and crevices where predators can't follow. The octopus can also squeeze through any hole that's not smaller than its beak, the only hard part of its body.If all else fails, an octopus can lose an arm to escape a predator's grasp and regrow it later with no permanent damage. They also have beaklike jaws that can deliver a nasty bite, and venomous saliva, used mainly for subduing prey.Range, Size, and DietConsidered the most intelligent of all invertebrates, the common octopus is found in the tropical and temperate waters of the world’s oceans. They can grow to about 4.3 feet in length and weigh up to 22 pounds, although averages are much smaller. They prey on crabs, crayfish, and mollusks, and will sometimes use their ink to disorient their victims before attacking.0:38WATCH: What is Octopus Ink Made of?Octopus ink is one of nature’s most theatrical defense mechanisms, but what is it made of?Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.1 / 131 / 13This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. Follow us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the latest submissions and news about the community.This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. Follow us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the latest submissions and news about the community.Photograph by David Carbó Fusté, National Geographic Your ShotShareTweetEmailGo FurtherAnimalsHow do fireflies get their glow? We finally have some answers.AnimalsHow do fireflies get their glow? We finally have some answers.Bird flu is spreading from pole to pole. Here’s why it matters.AnimalsBird flu is spreading from pole to pole. 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MuseumWatch TVLearn About Our ImpactSupport Our MissionMastheadPress RoomAdvertise With UsJoin UsSubscribeCustomer ServiceRenew SubscriptionManage Your SubscriptionWork at Nat GeoSign Up for Our NewslettersContribute to Protect the PlanetFollow usNational Geographic InstagramNational Geographic FacebookNational Geographic TwitterNational Geographic YoutubeNational Geographic LinkedinNational Geographic TiktokNational Geographic RedditUnited States (Change)Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved
Octopus
Octopus
Skip to contentSearchShopGamesPuzzlesActionFunny Fill-InVideosAmazing AnimalsWeird But True!Party AnimalsTry This!AnimalsMammalsBirdsPrehistoricReptilesAmphibiansInvertebratesFishExplore MoreMagazinehistoryScienceSpaceU.S. StatesWeird But True!SubscribemenuPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.1 / 31 / 3Octopuses are sea animals famous for their rounded bodies, bulging eyes, and eight long arms. Octopuses are sea animals famous for their rounded bodies, bulging eyes, and eight long arms. Photograph by Michal Adamczyk, DreamstimeAnimalsInvertebratesOctopusOctopuses are sea animals famous for their rounded bodies, bulging eyes, and eight long arms. They live in all the world’s oceans but are especially abundant in warm, tropical waters. Octopuses, like their cousin, the squid, are often considered “monsters of the deep,” though some species, or types, occupy relatively shallow waters.Common Name: Common OctopusScientific Name: Octopus vulgarisType: InvertebratesDiet: CarnivoreAverage Life Span In The Wild: 1 to 2 yearsSize: 12 to 36 inchesWeight: 6.6 to 22 poundsMost octopuses stay along the ocean’s floor, although some species are pelagic, which means they live near the water’s surface. Other octopus species live in deep, dark waters, rising from below at dawn and dusk to search for food. Crabs, shrimps, and lobsters rank among their favorite foods, though some can attack larger prey, like sharks. Octopuses typically drop down on their prey from above and, using powerful suctions that line their arms, pull the animal into their mouth. The octopus performs its famous backward swim by blasting water through a muscular tube on the body called a siphon. Octopuses also crawl along the ocean’s floor, tucking their arms into small openings to search for food. Seals, whales, and large fish prey on octopuses.Check out where octopuses live.National Geographic MapsPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.If threatened, octopuses shoot an inky fluid that darkens the water, confusing the aggressor. The octopus can also change to gray, brown, pink, blue, or green to blend in with its surroundings. Octopuses may also change color as a way to communicate with other octopuses. Octopuses are solitary creatures that live alone in dens built from rocks, which the octopus moves into place using its powerful arms. Octopuses sometimes even fashion a rock “door” for their den that pulls closed when the octopus is safely inside.1:46Giant Pacific OctopusGiant Pacific octopuses can change color to blend in wherever they go! Learn more amazing facts about these amazing creatures in this video from National Geographic Kids.Explore more!Amazing AnimalsWatch to discover interesting facts about animals from all over the world.Comeback crittersSee how animal species in trouble have come back from the brink of extinction.Save the Earth tipsFind out how you can help make a difference.Endangered Species ActHow this 1973 law protects animalsLegalTerms of UsePrivacy PolicyYour California Privacy RightsChildren's Online Privacy PolicyInterest-Based AdsAbout Nielsen MeasurementDo Not Sell My InfoOur SitesNational GeographicNational Geographic EducationShop Nat GeoCustomer ServiceJoin UsSubscribeManage Your Subscription Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. All rights reserved